Grainger was inspired to write his Marching Song of Democracy while attending the Paris Exhibition of 1900. A variety of artistic, philosophical, and musical sources were involved. These included the poetry of Walt Whitman (“A Backward Glance O’er Travl’d Roads” - Leaves of Grass), a statue of George Washington, and direct first acquaintance with John Philip Sousa and his band. Grainger first conceived his Marching Song in a setting far different from standard instrumental ensemble:
My original plan was to write my “Marching Song of Democracy” for voices and whistlers only (no instruments), and have it performed by a chorus of men, women and children, singing and whistling to the rhythmic accompaniment of their tramping feet as they marched along in the open air. But a later realization of the need for instrumental color (inherent in the character of the music from the first) ultimately led me to score it for the concert hall. An athletic, out-of-door spirit must, however, be understood to be behind the piece from the start to finish.
The vocal parts are sung to “word-less” syllables such as children use in their thoughtless singing; firstly, because I thought that a more varied and instinctive vocalism could be obtained without the use of words in music of a polyphonic nature (a freely-moving many-voicedness is the natural musical counterpart of individualistic democratic tendencies), and secondly, because I did not want to pin the music down, at each moment, to the precise expression of such definite and concrete thoughts as words inevitably convey, but aimed at devoting it, rather, to a less “mental” immersion in a general central mood…
The work, which perhaps it might not be amiss to describe as a kind of modern and Australian version of the “Gloria” of a mass, carries the following dedication: “For my darling mother, united with her in loving adoration of Walt Whitman.”
—program note from the orchestral score of Marching Song of Democracy, Percy Grainger
He began the band score on July 4, 1948, and completed it later that month while on vacation at his sister-in-law’s home in Segeltorp, Sweden. Grainger’s Marching Song is a sprawling tone poem which encapsulates the post-romantic expressive qualities of Wagner, Richard Strauss, Mahler, and Bruckner. But the music is infused with Grainger’s own original compositional techniques and humanistic spirit.
In the Marching Song Grainger follows his lifelong pattern of avoiding development and recapitulation. In a matter later used by Stravinsky, Grainger introduced succeeding new themes that were capable of maintaining inherent interest and forward motion. Some of the themes were borrowed from sketches for his great orchestral work, Warriors (bar 50), and were used later in the Pastoral movement of the suite, In a Nutshell (bars 47-50 and 80-85).
Perhaps to illustrate that the “march of democracy” is unending, Grainger begins the score with a unison “C” and ends with a unison, unresolving and unrepentant, “F#”. While the harmonic language includes some of Grainger’s densest chromaticism, it is also colored by a clashing contrapuntal style he called “free music” - lines that soar and cross freely with little regard for harmonic results (bars 85-99).
—program notes by Keith Brion, via the publisher G. Shirmer